novel variable temperature rolling (VTR) and annealing process was conducted on a metastable austenitic stainless steel. Strain softening occurred during tensile straining in both cold rolled and cryogenic rolled-annealed steels

leading to low uniform elongations of only 2-3%. In contrast

thanks to the metastable dual-phase heterogeneous lamellar structure achieved via the VTR process

a ultra-high strength of over 1 GPa was obtained

and strain hardening led to a remarkable increase of uniform elongation up to 10%. The high strength and ductility are attributed to the significant work-hardening derived from the superior heterogeneous deformation-induced hardening and sustained transformation-induced plasticity effect.