The precipitation of grain boundary (GB) κ-carbides critically influences the damage-tolerance ability of high-Mn high-Al lightweight steels

particularly in harsh environments (cryogenic and H environments). The formation and growth behavior of these carbides thus need to be understood. In this work

we use atom probe tomography and four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy to study the formation mechanisms of GB κ-carbides in a Fe-28Mn-8Al-1.3C (wt.%) steel that is aged at 550°C

a temperature at which GB κ-carbide formation is often believed to be delayed or avoided. We observe that the formation of GB κ-carbides results from spinodal decomposition of grain interior (GI) κ-carbides and their further interaction with GB planes rather than from heterogeneous GB nucleation

as has been formerly proposed. However

the subsequent growth of GB κ-carbides shows different kinetics in comparison to GI κ-carbides. The underlying reason and its implications for future microstructure design of such steels are discussed.