A Comparative Study on the Engineering Pathways of Reusable Rockets in China and the United States

WANG Jingyan; LI Chao; XIE Jixiao; HOU Yude

doi:10.3724/j.issn.1674-4969.20260134

Chinese

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

A Comparative Study on the Engineering Pathways of Reusable Rockets in China and the United States

Special Column on the Commercial Aerospace and Low\-Altitude Economy | 更新时间：2026-10-16

- A Comparative Study on the Engineering Pathways of Reusable Rockets in China and the United States
- Journal of Engineering Studies Vol. 18, Issue 5, Pages: 619-638(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.山西大学科学技术史研究所，太原 030006
  2.云途半导体研究院（海南）有限公司，海南 570125
  3.云镜创新（北京）航天技术有限公司，北京 100176
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.3724/j.issn.1674-4969.20260134
  CLC： V475.1;N945;F426.5
- CSTR：32282.14.JES.20260134
- Received：10 August 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-09-08，
  
  Online First：28 September 2026，
  
  Published：25 October 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
王竞研, 李超, 谢集潇, 等. 中美可重复使用火箭工程路径比较研究[J]. 工程研究——跨学科视野中的工程, 2026, 18(5): 619-638.

WANG J Y, LI C, XIE J X, et al. A Comparative Study on the Engineering Pathways of Reusable Rockets in China and the United States[J]. Journal of Engineering Studies, 2026, 18(5): 619-638.
王竞研, 李超, 谢集潇, 等. 中美可重复使用火箭工程路径比较研究[J]. 工程研究——跨学科视野中的工程, 2026, 18(5): 619-638. DOI： 10.3724/j.issn.1674-4969.20260134. CSTR： 32282.14.JES.20260134

WANG J Y, LI C, XIE J X, et al. A Comparative Study on the Engineering Pathways of Reusable Rockets in China and the United States[J]. Journal of Engineering Studies, 2026, 18(5): 619-638. DOI： 10.3724/j.issn.1674-4969.20260134. CSTR： 32282.14.JES.20260134

摘要

可重复使用运载火箭是当前商业航天发射成本系统性下降的核心变量，按公开标价估算，其单位入轨成本已降至航天飞机时代的约1/20。本文将可重复使用火箭视为以降本为总目标的系统工程，对照美国由航天飞机到猎鹰九号、中国由体制积累到政策放开与市场竞争的两条工程路径，并对垂直着陆与海上网系捕获两类一子级回收方案作技术权衡。研究表明：技术上的重复飞行并不等于经济上的高效复用；美国路径的关键在于机制先行，NASA从“办航天”转向“买服务”，再由SpaceX以栅格舵、着陆腿、发动机深度节流与多次启动和不锈钢箭体等工程原创完成技术整合；中国路径的特征是积累先行，其技术积累向产业能力的转化有赖于政策放开、民营企业成长、金融资本介入与军民融合构成的制度通道。衡量可重复使用火箭竞争力的基准应是同一硬件复飞次数、任务周转间隔与单位运力成本；美国正迈向全箭复用与航班化舰队运营，中国则须完成从回收验证到复飞运营、再到高频运营的跨越。

Abstract

Reusable launch vehicles (RLVs) have become the core variable behind the systemic decline in launch cost that drives the current commercial-spaceflight boom; on a list-price and maximum-payload basis

cost per kilogram to low Earth orbit has fallen to roughly one-twentieth of the Space Shuttle era. Taking launch-cost reduction as its main thread

this paper treats the reusable rocket as a cost-driven system rather than a single technology

and compares the engineering pathways of RLVs in China and the United States. It asks why two countries that started from fundamentally different institutional bases converged on liquid

reusable rockets as the dominant technical route

and what organizational

procurement and financial mechanisms—beyond engineering skill—decide whether technical reflight becomes economical reuse. The aim is to draw lessons for late-comer catch-up in high-tech industries.

Adopting a historical-comparative and systems-engineering perspective

the study draws on primary and authoritative sources—NASA cost-accounting studies (Pielke and Byerly

Nature

2011; Hepplewhite

NASA SP-4221)

SpaceX disclosure documents (Form S-1)

Chinese policy texts (Guofa〔2014〕No. 60

the 2015—2025 civil-space infrastructure plan

the 2024 Government Work Report) and official mission announcements; media reports serve only as supplementary material and are never the sole basis for cost or milestone claims. The analysis proceeds in five moves: the value of reuse

the constituent systems of an RLV

the U.S. path (Shuttle to Falcon 9)

the Chinese path (state accumulation

policy opening

private capital

recovery demonstration)

and a two-country comparison followed by an outlook. A five-level maturity ladder—controlled return

complete recovery

condition assessment and limited refurbishment

reflight of the same hardware

and high-frequency fleet operation—situates each actor

while the lenses of national innovation systems and late-comer catch-up frame the symmetric institutional comparison.

Four findings stand out. (1) The Space Shuttle showed that technical reflight is not economical reuse: its full-lifecycle cost reached about 1.45 billion USD/flight

a magnitude corroborated by both NASA and GAO cost studies

whereas Falcon 9 has cut cost about 2720 USD/kg. (2) SpaceX's breakthrough was at once institutional—NASA's shift from "doing" space to "buying" services through milestone-based COTS procurement—and technological

spanning grid fins

landing legs

deeply throttled and restartable engines

stainless-steel airframes and catch-tower recovery

rather than a mere recombination of mature technology. (3) China's reusable-rocket development was driven by external demonstration

market-access liberalization (enacted about a year before Falcon 9's December-2015 recovery)

private-enterprise growth

financial-capital inflow and state-owned technological accumulation

all within a civil-military fusion and new-system-of-national-missions framework; local governments amplified it through industrial parks

industrial funds and anchored orders. (4) The two pathways diverge along five symmetric dimensions—demand maturity

iteration mechanism

stage of progress

industrial organization and civil-military relations—yet converge on liquid reusable rockets; as a system

an RLV's economic result is decided as much by organization

procurement and mission demand as by technology.

The vertical-landing and sea-based net-capture recovery schemes differ mainly in propellant reservation

structural dead weight and recovery-platform support

and neither is superior a priori; the benchmark of competitiveness should be operational—reflights of the same hardware

turnaround interval between missions and cost per unit payload—rather than the recovery manoeuvre itself. For China

the next hurdle is to move from recovery success to reflight operation and ultimately to high-frequency

low-margin fleet service

while the United States advances toward full-vehicle reuse and higher-cadence fleet operations; cost per kilogram

not the spectacle of a single launch

is the ultimate metric. The comparison offers policy implications for nurturing commercial spaceflight through the interplay of market mechanisms and the new system of national missions

and a reference for late-comer catch-up in high-tech industries. A limitation is that several Chinese commercial-rocket indicators remain undisclosed

so cross-country quantification is necessarily partial; as flight data accumulate

a fuller empirical comparison will become possible.

关键词

Keywords

references

李超 , 贾海鹏 , 聂学峰 , 等 . 2025年中国商业航天发展回顾与展望 [J ] . 中国航天 , 2026 ( 1 ): 52 - 58 .

Li C , Jia H P , Nie X F , et al . Review and prospect of China's commercial aerospace development in 2025 [J ] . Aerospace China , 2026 ( 1 ): 52 - 58 .

Jones H W . The recent large reduction in space launch cost [C ] // 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems: ICES-2018-81 . Albuquerque, NM : ICES , 2018 : 1 - 10 .

SpaceX . Form S-1 registration statement [R/OL ] . Washington, D.C. : U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission , 2026 . ( 2026-05-20 )[ 2026-09-06 ] . https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm .

Pielke Jr R , Byerly R . Shuttle programme lifetime cost [J ] . Nature , 2011 , 472 : 38 .

Abels J . Private infrastructure in geopolitical conflicts: The case of Starlink and the war in Ukraine [J ] . European Journal of International Relations , 2024 , 30 ( 4 ): 842 - 866 .

王太军 , 唐鰤綦 , 周超 . " 星链"在俄乌军事冲突中的应用探研 [J ] . 通信技术 , 2022 , 55 ( 8 ): 1006 - 1013 .

Wang T J , Tang S Q , Zhou C . Research on starlink applications in Russia-Ukraine military conflict [J ] . Communications Technology , 2022 , 55 ( 8 ): 1006 - 1013 .

国务院 . 政府工作报告: 2024年3月5日在第十四届全国人民代表大会第二次会议上 [R ] . 2024 .

State Council . Report on the work of the government: Delivered at the second session of the 14th National People's Congress on March 5, 2024 [R ] . 2024 .

穆桐 , 王显煜 , 李静玲 , 等 . 手机直连卫星技术发展与展望 [J ] . 空间电子技术 , 2025 , 22 ( S1 ): 163 - 170 .

Mu T , Wang X Y , Li J L , et al . Development and future prospects of direct-to-satellite technology for smartphones [J ] . Space Electronic Technology , 2025 , 22 ( S1 ): 163 - 170 .

包为民 . 可重复使用运载火箭技术发展综述 [J ] . 航空学报 , 2023 , 44 ( 23 ): 1 - 26 .

Bao W M . A review of reusable launch vehicle technology development [J ] . Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica , 2023 , 44 ( 23 ): 1 - 26 .

Goddard R H . A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes [M ] . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution , 1919 .

王竞研 . 罗伯特·戈达德: 从非主流到主流的火箭先驱 [J ] . 自然辩证法通讯 , 2023 , 45 ( 12 ): 114 - 126 .

Wang J Y . From non-mainstream to mainstream rocket pioneers: Robert Goddard [J ] . Journal of Dialectics of Nature , 2023 , 45 ( 12 ): 114 - 126 .

谭永华 . 大推力液氧甲烷火箭发动机技术研究进展 [J ] . 航空学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 11 ): 1 - 13, I 0002 .

Tan Y H . Research progress in high thrust liquid oxygen methane rocket engine technology [J ] . Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica , 2024 , 45 ( 11 ): 1 - 13, I 0002 .

陈建华 , 曹晨 , 杨永强 , 等 . " 长征五号"火箭液氧煤油发动机总体技术 [J ] . 深空探测学报(中英文) , 2021 , 8 ( 4 ): 354 - 361 .

Chen J H , Cao C , Yang Y Q , et al . General technical review of Long March 5 liquid oxygen kerosene engine [J ] . Journal of Deep Space Exploration , 2021 , 8 ( 4 ): 354 - 361 .

郑大勇 . 重复使用液氧甲烷发动机研制进展及关键科学与技术问题 [J ] . 宇航总体技术 , 2026 , 10 ( 3 ): 75 - 86 .

Zheng D Y . Development progress and key scientific and technological issues of reusable liquid oxygen/methane rocket engines [J ] . Astronautical Systems Engineering Technology , 2026 , 10 ( 3 ): 75 - 86 .

Zhong Y , Liu D H , Wang C . Research progress of key technologies for typical reusable launcher vehicles [J ] . IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering , 2018 , 449 ( 1 ): 012008 .

Dietlein I , Bussler L , Stappert S , et al . Overview of system study on recovery methods for reusable first stages of future European launchers [J ] . CEAS Space Journal , 2025 , 17 ( 1 ): 71 - 88 .

李杨 , 刘昶 , 王吉飞 , 等 . 垂直起降运载火箭总体方案研究 [J ] . 南京航空航天大学学报 , 2019 , 51 ( S1 ): 1 - 6 .

Li Y , Liu C , Wang J F , et al . General design study of vertical takeoff and landing launch vehicle [J ] . Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics , 2019 , 51 ( S1 ): 1 - 6 .

李斌 , 张小平 , 高玉闪 . 我国可重复使用液体火箭发动机发展的思考 [J ] . 火箭推进 , 2017 , 43 ( 1 ): 1 - 7 .

Li B , Zhang X P , Gao Y S . Consideration on development of reusable liquid rocket engine in China [J ] . Journal of Rocket Propulsion , 2017 , 43 ( 1 ): 1 - 7 .

李斌 , 李程 , 高玉闪 , 等 . 重复使用运载火箭液体动力技术发展 [J ] . 火箭推进 , 2024 , 50 ( 1 ): 1 - 11, I 0002 .

Li B , Li C , Gao Y S , et al . Development of liquid propulsion technology for reusable launch vehicle [J ] . Journal of Rocket Propulsion , 2024 , 50 ( 1 ): 1 - 11, I 0002 .

金平 , 吕俊杰 , 戚亚群 , 等 . 可重复使用液体火箭发动机寿命问题探讨 [J ] . 宇航总体技术 , 2023 , 7 ( 4 ): 51 - 59 .

Jin P , Lyu J J , Qi Y Q , et al . Discussion on the life of reusable liquid rocket engine [J ] . Astronautical Systems Engineering Technology , 2023 , 7 ( 4 ): 51 - 59 .

尕永婧 , 李文钊 , 宋乾强 , 等 . 重复使用液体火箭发动机可靠性评估方法 [J ] . 深空探测学报(中英文) , 2022 , 9 ( 5 ): 498 - 505 .

Ga Y J , Li W Z , Song Q Q , et al . Analysis of reliability evaluation method of reusable liquid rocket engine [J ] . Journal of Deep Space Exploration , 2022 , 9 ( 5 ): 498 - 505 .

谭永华 , 潘匡志 , 周康 , 等 . 变推力液体火箭发动机研究进展 [J ] . 中国航天 , 2023 ( 5 ): 24 - 31 .

Tan Y H , Pan K Z , Zhou K , et al . Types and research progress of variable thrust liquid rocket engines [J ] . Aerospace China , 2023 ( 5 ): 24 - 31 .

谭永华 , 杜飞平 , 陈建华 , 等 . 液氧煤油高压补燃循环发动机深度变推力系统方案研究 [J ] . 推进技术 , 2018 , 39 ( 6 ): 1201 - 1209 .

Tan Y H , Du F P , Chen J H , et al . Study on deep variable thrust system of LOX/kerosene high pressure staged combustion engine [J ] . Journal of Propulsion Technology , 2018 , 39 ( 6 ): 1201 - 1209 .

汪广旭 , 谭永华 , 陈建华 , 等 . 液体火箭发动机非稳态燃烧过程对其稳定性的影响 [J ] . 航空动力学报 , 2019 , 34 ( 4 ): 929 - 936 .

Wang G X , Tan Y H , Chen J H , et al . Effects of unsteady combustion process on combustion instability of liquid rocket engine [J ] . Journal of Aerospace Power , 2019 , 34 ( 4 ): 929 - 936 .

曹炜 , 郭康康 , 任玉彬 , 等 . 气氧/甲烷矩形火箭发动机横向不稳定燃烧"热-声-涡"耦合机理 [J ] . 航空动力学报 , 2025 , 40 ( 11 ): 370 - 380 .

Cao W , Guo K K , Ren Y B , et al . Mechanism of "heat-acoustic-vortex" coupling for transverse unstable combustion in an O2/CH 4 rectangle rocket combustor [J ] . Journal of Aerospace Power , 2025 , 40 ( 11 ): 370 - 380 .

Chato D J . Experimentation for the maturation of deep space cryogenic refueling technologies: NASA/TP-2008-214929 [R ] . Washington, D.C. : NASA , 2008 : 1 - 96 .

Schwarz R , Solari M , Razgus B , et al . Preliminary design of the hybrid navigation system for the CALLISTO RLV demonstrator [C ] // Proceedings of the 8th EUCASS . Madrid : EUCASS Association , 2019 : 1 - 20 .

Gallaher M , Coughlin D , Krupp D . A guidance and control assessment of three vertical landing options for RLV [C ] // Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference . San Diego, CA, USA. AIAA , 1996 : AIAA1996-3702.

韦常柱 , 琚啸哲 , 徐大富 , 等 . 垂直起降重复使用运载器返回制导与控制 [J ] . 航空学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 7 ): 192 - 215 .

Wei C Z , Ju X Z , Xu D F , et al . Guidance and control for return process of vertical takeoff vertical landing reusable launching vehicle [J ] . Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica , 2019 , 40 ( 7 ): 192 - 215 .

张志国 , 马英 , 耿光有 , 等 . 火箭垂直回收着陆段在线制导凸优化方法 [J ] . 弹道学报 , 2017 , 29 ( 1 ): 9 - 16 .

Zhang Z G , Ma Y , Geng G Y , et al . Convex optimization method used in the landing-phase on-line guidance of rocket vertical recovery [J ] . Journal of Ballistics , 2017 , 29 ( 1 ): 9 - 16 .

安泽 , 熊芬芬 , 梁卓楠 . 基于偏置比例导引与凸优化的火箭垂直着陆制导 [J ] . 航空学报 , 2020 , 41 ( 5 ): 242 - 255 .

An Z , Xiong F F , Liang Z N . Landing-phase guidance of rocket using bias proportional guidance and convex optimization [J ] . Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica , 2020 , 41 ( 5 ): 242 - 255 .

张洪华 , 关轶峰 , 黄翔宇 , 等 . 嫦娥三号着陆器动力下降的制导导航与控制 [J ] . 中国科学: 技术科学 , 2014 , 44 ( 4 ): 377 - 384 .

Zhang H H , Guan Y F , Huang X Y , et al . Guidance navigation and control for Chang'E-3 powered descent [J ] . Scientia Sinica (Technologica) , 2014 , 44 ( 4 ): 377 - 384 .

Wilken J , Callsen S , Daub D , et al . Combined cryogenic insulation and thermal protection systems for reusable stages [C ] // Proceedings of the 9th EUCASS . Lille : EUCASS Association , 2022 : 1 - 14 .

姚草根 , 吕宏军 , 贾新朝 , 等 . 重复使用金属热防护系统研究进展 [J ] . 宇航材料工艺 , 2011 , 41 ( 2 ): 1 - 4 .

Yao C G , Lyu H J , Jia X C , et al . Reusable metallic thermal protection system [J ] . Aerospace Materials & Technology , 2011 , 41 ( 2 ): 1 - 4 .

Macés-Hernández J A , Seelbinder D , Theil S . Design of flight control systems for RLVs with structural flexibility: Application to the CALLISTO vehicle [C ] // IAF Astrodynamics Symposium . Milan, Italy. International Astronautical Federation (IAF) , 2024 : 195 - 205 .

Rogowski R S . Structures integrated vehicle health management for third generation reusable launch vehicles [C ] // Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology . Washington, D.C. : NASA , 2000 : 1 - 12 .

郑正路 , 徐振亮 , 汪小卫 , 等 . 可重复使用运载火箭箭体结构检测及维护方法研究 [J ] . 航天制造技术 , 2016 ( 1 ): 68 - 70 .

Zheng Z L , Xu Z L , Wang X W , et al . Research on detection and maintenance method for reusable launch vehicle structure [J ] . Aerospace Manufacturing Technology , 2016 ( 1 ): 68 - 70 .

武晓欣 , 贾洁羽 , 邢理想 , 等 . 重复使用液体火箭发动机原位无损检测技术应用及展望 [J ] . 火箭推进 , 2024 , 50 ( 1 ): 46 - 56 .

Wu X X , Jia J Y , Xing L X , et al . Application and prospect of in-situ nondestructive testing of reusable liquid rocket engine [J ] . Journal of Rocket Propulsion , 2024 , 50 ( 1 ): 46 - 56 .

Prince F A , Hamaker J W . The launch systems operations cost model [C ] // 3rd Annual Joint ISPA/SCEA International Conference . Washington, D.C. : NASA , 2001 : 1 - 12 .

Heppenheimer T A . The space shuttle decision: NASA's search for a reusable space vehicle: NASA SP-4221 [R ] . Washington, D.C. : NASA , 1999 : 1 - 488 .

Pielke R , Byerly R . Shuttle programme lifetime cost [J ] . Nature , 2011 , 472 ( 7341 ): 38 .

Stappert S , Wilken J , Calabuig G J D , et al . Evaluation of parametric cost estimation in the preliminary design phase of reusable launch vehicles [C ] // Proceedings of the 9th EUCASS . Lille : EUCASS Association , 2022 : 1 - 13 .

NASA . Commercial orbital transportation services: A new era in Spaceflight: NASA/SP-2014-617 [R ] . Washington, D.C. : NASA , 2014 : 1 - 146 .

Freeman C. Technology , Policy , and Economic Performance : Lessons from Japan [M ] . London : Pinter Publishers , 1987 : 1 - 155 .

Nelson R R . National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis [M ] . New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 : 1 - 541 .

Weinzierl M . Space, the final economic frontier [J ] . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 2018 , 32 ( 2 ): 173 - 192 .

沃尔特·艾萨克森 . 埃隆·马斯克传 [M ] . 孙思远, 刘家琦, 译. 北京 : 中信出版社 , 2023 : 1 - 589 .

Isaacson W . Elon Musk [M ] . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2023 .

牛枞 , 王宸 , 陈金宝 , 等 . 可重复使用运载火箭回收着陆装置研究进展 [J ] . 宇航学报 , 2025 ( 5 ): 825 - 837 .

Niu C , Wang C , Chen J B , et al . Review of the recovery system of reusable launch vehicle [J ] . Journal of Astronautics , 2025 ( 5 ): 825 - 837 .

Krummen S , Desmariaux J , Saito Y , et al . Towards a reusable first stage demonstrator: CALLISTO—Technical Progresses & Challenges [C ] // 72nd International Astronautical Congress . Dubai : IAF , 2021 : 1 - 15 .

Sagliano M , Hernández J A M , Farì S , et al . Unified-loop structured H-infinity control for aerodynamic steering of reusable rockets [J ] . Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics , 2023 , 46 ( 5 ): 815 - 837 .

龙乐豪 , 蔡巧言 , 王飞 , 等 . 重复使用航天运输系统发展与展望 [J ] . 科技导报 , 2018 , 36 ( 10 ): 84 - 92 .

Long L H , Cai Q Y , Wang F , et al . Development of reusable space transportation technologies [J ] . Science & Technology Review , 2018 , 36 ( 10 ): 84 - 92 .

Wang X J . Prospects for the future development of China's space transportation system [J ] . Space: Science & Technology , 2021 , 2021 : 2021 / 9769856 .

张贵田 . 高压补燃液氧煤油发动机 [M ] . 北京 : 国防工业出版社 , 2005 : 1 - 576 .

Zhang G T . High-Pressure Staged-Combustion Liquid Oxygen-Kerosene Rocket Engines [M ] . Beijing : National Defense Industry Press , 2005 : 1 - 576 .

宋征宇 , 吴义田 , 徐珊姝 , 等 . 长征八号: 长征火箭系列商业化与智慧化的先行者 [J ] . 深空探测学报(中英文) , 2021 , 8 ( 1 ): 3 - 16 .

Song Z Y , Wu Y T , Xu S S , et al . LM-8: The pioneer of long March rocket series on the innovations of commercialization and intelligence [J ] . Journal of Deep Space Exploration , 2021 , 8 ( 1 ): 3 - 16 .

宋征宇 , 黄兵 , 汪小卫 , 等 . 重复使用航天运载器的发展及其关键技术 [J ] . 前瞻科技 , 2022 , 1 ( 1 ): 62 - 74 .

Song Z Y , Huang B , Wang X W , et al . Development and key technologies of reusable launch vehicle [J ] . Science and Technology Foresight , 2022 , 1 ( 1 ): 62 - 74 .

王辰 , 张宏剑 , 闫伟 , 等 . 重复使用运载火箭栅格舵选型设计与工艺方案研究 [J ] . 深空探测学报(中英文) , 2021 , 8 ( 1 ): 51 - 61 .

Wang C , Zhang H J , Yan W , et al . Research on design and process program for grid fin of reusable rocket [J ] . Journal of Deep Space Exploration , 2021 , 8 ( 1 ): 51 - 61 .

刘明奇 , 韩忠华 , 杜涛 , 等 . 面向运载火箭栅格舵的最优操纵效率特征与宽速域气动优化设计方法 [J ] . 航空学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 20 ): 258 - 277 .

Liu M Q , Han Z H , Du T , et al . Optimal control efficiency characteristics and wide-speed-range aerodynamic design optimization method for grid fins of launch vehicle [J ] . Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica , 2024 , 45 ( 20 ): 258 - 277 .

贾洪印 , 张培红 , 赵炜 , 等 . 火箭子级垂直回收布局气动特性及发动机喷管影响 [J ] . 航空学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 2 ): 28 - 39 .

Jia H Y , Zhang P H , Zhao W , et al . Aerodynamic characteristics of vertical recovery of rocket sub-stage and influence of engine nozzle [J ] . Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica , 2021 , 42 ( 2 ): 28 - 39 .

邓思超 , 汪小卫 , 徐振亮 , 等 . 基于栅格舵和滑翔翼的垂直起降火箭再入返回气动特性 [J ] . 深空探测学报(中英文) , 2022 , 9 ( 5 ): 483 - 491 .

Deng S C , Wang X W , Xu Z L , et al . An analysis of aerodynamic characteristics of reusable rocket's first sub-stage with grid rudder and glider [J ] . Journal of Deep Space Exploration , 2022 , 9 ( 5 ): 483 - 491 .

Gerschenkron A . Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective [M ] . Cambridge, Mass .: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 1962 : 1 - 456 .

Abramovitz M . Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind [J ] . The Journal of Economic History , 1986 , 46 ( 2 ): 385 - 406 .

路风 . 走向自主创新寻求中国力量的源泉 [M ] . 桂林 : 广西师范大学出版社 , 2006 : 1 - 482 .

Lu F . Towards Indigenous Innovation: Seeking the Source of China's Strength [M ] . Guilin : Guangxi Normal University Press , 2006 : 1 - 482 .

国务院 . 关于创新重点领域投融资机制鼓励社会投资的指导意见: 国发〔2014〕 60号 [Z ] . 2014-11-26 .

State Council . Guiding opinions on innovating investment and financing mechanisms in key fields to encourage social investment: Guo Fa No. 60 [Z ] . 2014-11-26 .

国家发展改革委 , 财政部 , 国防科工局 . 国家民用空间基础设施中长期发展规划(2015—2025年) [Z ] . 2015 .

National Development and Reform Commission , Ministry of Finance , SASTIND . Medium- and long-term development plan for national civil space infrastructure (2015—2025) [Z ] . 2015 .

国防科工局 , 中央军委装备发展部 . 关于促进商业运载火箭规范有序发展的通知 [Z ] . 2019 .

SASTIND, Equipment Development Department of the CMC . Circular on promoting the regulated and orderly development of commercial launch vehicles [Z ] . 2019 .

Tronchetti F , Liu H . The 2019 notice on promoting the systematic and orderly development of commercial carrier rockets: The first step towards regulating private space activities in China [J ] . Space Policy , 2021 , 57 : 101432 .

国家航天局 . 国家航天局推进商业航天高质量安全发展行动计划 ( 2025 — 2027 年)[EB/OL ] . ( 2025-11-25 )[ 2026-09-06 ] . https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758839/c10719382/content.html https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758839/c10719382/content.html .

China National Space Administration . Action Plan for Promoting High‑Quality and Safe Development of Commercial Aerospace ( 2025 ‑ 2027 )[EB/OL ] . ( 2025‑11‑25 )[ 2026‑09‑06 ] . [ https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758839/c10719382/content.html](https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758839/c10719382/content.html) https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758839/c10719382/content.html](https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758839/c10719382/content.html) .

陈劲 , 阳镇 , 朱子钦 . 新型举国体制的理论逻辑、落地模式与应用场景 [J ] . 改革 , 2021 ( 5 ): 1 - 17 .

Chen J , Yang Z , Zhu Z Q . The theoretical logic, implementation mode and application scenario of the new type of national system [J ] . Reform , 2021 ( 5 ): 1 - 17 .

李瑞 , 梁正 , 薛澜 . 技术演化理论视角下新型举国体制分类与边界 [J ] . 科学学研究 , 2024 , 42 ( 6 ): 1225 - 1233, 1277 .

Li R , Liang Z , Xue L . The taxonomy and boundaries for the New Whole Nation based on the technological evolution theory [J ] . Studies in Science of Science , 2024 , 42 ( 6 ): 1225 - 1233, 1277 .

Lundvall B . -Å . National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning [M ] . London : Pinter , 1992 : 1 - 342 .

Han Y X , Chen Z , Hu Y X , et al . A PIE analysis of China's commercial space development [J ] . Humanities and Social Sciences Communications , 2023 , 10 : 744 .

龙威 , 徐拓 , 刘晓 , 等 . 关于我国商业运载火箭发展的思考 [J ] . 军民两用技术与产品 , 2019 ( 7 ): 40 - 43 .

Long W , Xu T , Liu X , et al . Thoughts on the development of China's commercial launch vehicle [J ] . Dual Use Technologies & Products , 2019 ( 7 ): 40 - 43 .

Xin L . China catches up in commercial space: An interview with Ji Wu [J ] . National Science Review , 2022 , 9 ( 7 ): nwac065 .

郭莎莎 , 马玉伟 , 张宁 , 等 . 2024年中国商业航天发展回顾与展望 [J ] . 中国航天 , 2025 ( 1 ): 60 - 67 .

Guo S S , Ma Y W , Zhang N , et al . Progress and prospects of China commercial space in 2024 [J ] . Aerospace China , 2025 ( 1 ): 60 - 67 .

杨浩亮 , 王瑀宁 , 窦晓华 , 等 . " 力箭"一号技术与创新 [J ] . 中国航天 , 2023 ( 3 ): 14 - 18 .

Yang H L , Wang Y N , Dou X H , et al . Development status and innovation of kinetica-1 solid launch vehicle [J ] . Aerospace China , 2023 ( 3 ): 14 - 18 .

杨浩亮 , 廉洁 , 朱永泉 , 等 . " 力箭"二号技术发展与创新应用研究 [J ] . 中国航天 , 2026 ( 5 ): 6 - 13 .

Yang H L , Lian J , Zhu Y Q , et al . Technology development and innovative application of PR-2 carrier rocket [J ] . Aerospace China , 2026 ( 5 ): 6 - 13 .

杨浩亮 , 王英诚 , 张延瑞 , 等 . 力箭一号分离系统设计与验证 [J ] . 载人航天 , 2024 , 30 ( 1 ): 81 - 88 .

Yang H L , Wang Y C , Zhang Y R , et al . Design and verification of separation system of PR-1 [J ] . Manned Spaceflight , 2024 , 30 ( 1 ): 81 - 88 .

杨浩亮 , 杨毅强 , 廉洁 , 等 . 商业可重复使用火箭关键技术与创新 [J ] . 中国航天 , 2022 ( 11 ): 8 - 14 .

Yang H L , Yang Y Q , Lian J , et al . Key technologies and innovations for commercial reusable launch vehicles [J ] . Aerospace China , 2022 ( 11 ): 8 - 14 .

黄朝峰 , 张超 , 李金格 , 等 . 我国商业航天发展面临的形势与挑战 [J ] . 中国科学院院刊 , 2025 , 40 ( 11 ): 1891 - 1901 .

Huang C F , Zhang C , Li J G , et al . Situation and challenges in development of China's commercial aerospace [J ] . Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 2025 , 40 ( 11 ): 1891 - 1901 .

李阳 , 黄朝峰 , 胡天恩 . 新型举国体制推动军民科技协同创新: 内在逻辑与实践进路 [J ] . 中国科技论坛 , 2024 ( 3 ): 6 - 16 .

Li Y , Huang C F , Hu T E . The new national system promotes the collaborative innovation of military-civilian science and technology: Internal logic and practical approach [J ] . Forum on Science and Technology in China , 2024 ( 3 ): 6 - 16 .

Shraddha C , Priyadarshi P , Ghate D P . A survey of launch vehicle recovery techniques [J ] . Progress in Aerospace Sciences , 2025 , 155 : 101092 .

高朝辉 , 张普卓 , 刘宇 , 等 . 垂直返回重复使用运载火箭技术分析 [J ] . 宇航学报 , 2016 , 37 ( 2 ): 145 - 152 .

Gao Z H , Zhang P Z , Liu Y , et al . Analysis of vertical landing technique in reusable launch vehicle [J ] . Journal of Astronautics , 2016 , 37 ( 2 ): 145 - 152 .

Bussler L , Sippel M . Comparison of return options for reusable first stages [C ] // 21st AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonics Technologies Conference . Xiamen, China. AIAA , 2017 : AIAA2017-2137.

Kim Y , Lee H J , Roh T S . Analysis of propellant weight under re-entry conditions for a reusable launch vehicle using retropropulsion [J ] . Energies , 2021 , 14 ( 11 ): 3210 .

田保林 , 于海涛 , 高海波 , 等 . 一种垂直起降运载器支腿构型设计与尺度优化 [J ] . 机械工程学报 , 2021 , 57 ( 15 ): 33 - 44 .

Tian B L , Yu H T , Gao H B , et al . Configuration design and scale optimization of the support legs of a vertical take-off and landing vehicle [J ] . Journal of Mechanical Engineering , 2021 , 57 ( 15 ): 33 - 44 .

李元恒 , 张宏剑 , 宋征宇 , 等 . Configuration optimization and design of vertical landing mechanisms of reusable launch vehicles [J ] . 深空探测学报(中英文) , 2022 , 9 ( 5 ): 470 - 476 .

Li Y H , Zhang H J , Song Z Y , et al . Configuration optimization and design of vertical landing mechanisms of reusable launch vehicles [J ] . Journal of Deep Space Exploration , 2022 , 9 ( 5 ): 470 - 476 .

Stappert S , Singh S , Funke A , et al . Developing an innovative and high-performance method for recovering reusable launcher stages: The in-air capturing method [J ] . CEAS Space Journal , 2024 , 16 ( 4 ): 411 - 426 .

U.S. Government Accountability Office . National security space launch: Increased commercial use of ranges underscores need for improved cost recovery: GAO-25-107228 [R ] . Washington, D.C. : GAO , 2025 : 1 - 55 .

龙乐豪 , 王国庆 , 吴胜宝 , 等 . 我国重复使用航天运输系统发展现状及展望 [J ] . 国际太空 , 2019 ( 9 ): 4 - 10 .

Long L H , Wang G Q , Wu S B , et al . Development status and prospect of reusable space transportation system in China [J ] . Space International , 2019 ( 9 ): 4 - 10 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Research on the Stability Mechanisms and Comprehensive Management Strategies of Karst Municipal Slopes Based on Integrated Geophysical Exploration

Commercial Aerospace and Low-altitude Economy:Cross-over Combination and Innovation of National Strategic Emerging Industry

Engineering Ecosystem and Governance in AI Engineering Value Regulation Practice

A Collusion State Assessment and Prediction Model for Engineering Bidding Based on Cloud Theory and Markov Model

Establishment and Development of the Synthesis of UT System in China

Related Author

No data

Related Institution

No data

AI问答

Postal code：100079
Tel：（010）53879206 Email：tmw@bjxintong.com.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09082226号-64 京公网安备11010602201714号
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰