BSTRACTFor the first time

X-ray refraction techniques are proven for the identification of void formation in Ti-6Al-4V parts produced by selective laser melting. The topology and volume fraction of pores are measured in samples produced with different laser energy density. Unique X-ray refraction methods identify different kinds of defects

characteristic to the regions below and above the optimum laser energy density

namely unprocessed powder (unmolten powder particles

balling effect

and fusion defects) from empty keyhole pores. Furthermore

it is possible to detect small inhomogeneities (voids or cracks) with sizes below the spatial resolution of optical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography.

IMPACT STATEMENT

For the first time

we show that

unparalleled by high-resolution X-ray-computed tomography or electron microscopy

X-ray refraction can distinguish unprocessed powder from empty pores in additive manufactured materials.