By use of a discrete element method (DEM)

the design methodology for cavity size and filling schemes of particle dampers applied to a wheel structure was investigated through a series of orthogonal simulation tests. A two-dimensional equivalent vibration model of a typical wheel was established

in which the configuration was evaluated based on the specific parameters when it vibrated in the umbrella-shaped mode. On the basis of experimental tests and analytical study

conclusions can be drawn as follow: (1) with the capability of describing the umbrella-shaped vibration of the wheel structure

the two-dimensional equivalent model is effective to reflect the influences on the cavity caused by interior particles' motion; (2) a dramatic increase in the attenuation due to the presence of particles is clearly evident while it differs in particle types; (3) the damping performance is significantly affected by the cavity size and particle mass ratio

moreover

the latter should be guaranteed first; (4) enough clearance between particles and wall of cavity is also required

so there is an optimal filling rate for an immutable enclosure

fixed particle size and type. Given the fact that the design scheme agrees well with the optimal case given by experimental tests

the design methodology can be used to acquire the optimal cavity size and filling scheme at the design stage of a wheel structure.